Which legislation prohibited discrimination based on sex in any federally funded education program or activity?

The legislation that prohibited discrimination based on sex in any federally funded education program or activity is Title IX of the Education Amendments. Enacted in 1972, Title IX was a landmark law that aimed to ensure equal educational opportunities for all genders in schools and colleges that receive federal funding. This legislation has had a profound impact on promoting gender equity in various educational settings, including sports, admissions, and classroom treatment.

Title IX specifically addresses the need for schools to provide the same quality of education and opportunities to both females and males, thus transforming the landscape of education and athletics for women. Its implementation has led to increased enrollment of women in higher education and greater support for women in sports.

The other options are related to different areas of law: the Equal Employment Opportunity Act focuses on employment discrimination; the Family and Medical Leave Act provides job-protected leave for family or medical reasons; and the Civil Rights Act primarily addressed racial discrimination in a broader social context. Thus, Title IX specifically targets educational settings, making it the correct answer in the context of this question.